Since the latest growth numbers have come in showing a consistent deceleration in Indias real gross domestic product (GDP) over six consecutive quarters, a cacophony of concerned voices have been heard. The din of criticism both from within and outside the government has grown so loud that Prime Minister Narendra Modi himself has had to intervene in order to defend his economic record. This warrants the question whether the situation is as grave as it is being made out to be. The simple answer is that, in some respects, there is not much that is out of the ordinary about the economic scenario, while in others the trends are cause for concern.
First and foremost are the growth figures. It is not rare for GDP growth to fall for such a long period. In fact, as recently as 2011-12, the GDP had decelerated for exactly six quarters between Q1 of 2011 and Q2 of 2012. By the end of that phase, the growth rate had fallen to a lowly 4.1 per cent. However, in the very next quarter it had bounced back to 6.1 per cent. This is not to make a simplistic argument for complacency, but to point out that growth in developing countries tends to be highly volatile and the Indian economy has shown strong resilience to such downturns. Therefore, a sense of panic is unwarranted and premature.
The second general concern with the economy is slightly more problematic. However, as we will show, it, too, is not out of the ordinary. The level of investment in the economy has become a major cause for concern. As we have pointed out in this column earlier, the level of private and household investment has hit rock bottom and only public investment has been pushing the economy forward. However, World Bank data shows that India's gross fixed capital formation (GFCF), the leading indicator for investment, has been consistently falling over the last decade. In 2007, India's GFCF had reached an all-time high of 36 per cent of GDP, close to China's 39 per cent. Since then, India's GFCF has fallen to 27 per cent while it has risen to 43 per cent for China. This points to the fact that investment sentiment never recovered in India after the 2008 crisis.
Again, a long-term negative trend is no reason for complacency. According to the RBI's Annual Report, the non-food credit take-off across the country has been at its lowest in almost 25 years. Low credit take-off indicates that industrialists are unsure of future prospects and have postponed investments owing to weak demand. The twin balance sheet problem that is the leading cause behind the muted investment sentiment needs to be urgently resolved. Fortunately, the government has been proactive on this front and is taken some positive steps to resolve bad debts of big accounts.
Apart from the fact that growth and investment have historically shown poor trends and that we are not in a unique situation, the fundamentals of the economy are significantly stronger than usual. The government has done a good job of sticking to its fiscal deficit targets while the RBI has done the same with inflation. Moreover, the country's foreign exchange reserves have crossed $400 billion -- huge by any standard. To put things in perspective, these reserves equalled 78 percent of India's total external debt (both short and long term) at the end of March. It may be debatable whether the country needs such a huge trove of reserves, but they are considerable enough to ensure short-run and medium-term stability of the economy.
The most concerning factor of the economy, which also has had a similar long-term history, is unemployment. Lack of jobs is an aspect of the Indian economy that simply can no longer be ignored. Since India missed its own industrial boom and directly ended up becoming a service-led economy, jobless growth has been a problem for long. This is because services are not as labour-intensive as manufacturing. However, the situation has worsened more recently. Between March 2014 and 2016 India experienced an absolute decline in employment, probably for the first time since independence, as pointed out by the Economic and Political Weekly. A fall in the absolute number of jobs for a developing country like India, where 10 million people are expected to join the workforce annually, is disastrous, to put it mildly.All in all, the falling growth rate will reverse its trend soon as history proves. This will happen over the next few quarters as the after-effects of the twin shocks of demonetisation and GST subside. Investment will hopefully see a revival once the banks find their balance sheets improving. But the problem of job growth will pose the real challenge to the Modi government.
The recent frenzy around the deceleration of GDP growth does not do justice to this structural problem with the economy. Growth rates are understandably volatile and the fall in this period has been accentuated by demonetisation and the implementation of GST. The economy is resilient enough to extricate itself out of these shocks and, in fact, the latter will only be beneficial in the long run. The real problem lies with job creation and it was not a problem created yesterday. The problem of jobs is deep-rooted within the economy and will require equally deep-rooted reforms. The specifics of those reforms are a discussion for another day -- but we need to begin by shifting our focus to the appropriate concerns.